健康资讯 THE BRAIN SWARMS WITH ERROR MESSAGES
Error signas play such a fundamental role in learning that virtually all brain areas can be shown to transmit error messages (see figure 17 in the color insert). Let's start with an elementary example: Imagine hearing a series of identical notes, A AAAA. Each note elicits a response in the auditory areas of your brain-- -but as the notes repeat, those responses progressively decrease.This is called "adaptation," a deceptively simple phenomenon that shows that your brain is learning to predict the next event. Suddenly, the note changes:AA A A A#. Your primary auditory cortex immediately shows a strong surprise reaction: not only does the adaptation fade away, but additional neurons begin to vigorously fire in response to the unexpected sound. And it is not just repetition that leads to adaptation: what matters is whether the notes are predictable. For instance, if you hear an alternating set of notes, such as ABABA, your brain gets used to this alternation, and the activity in your auditory areas again decreases. This time, however, it is an unexpected repetition, such as ABA B B, that triggers a surprise response.:
大脑充满着错误信息
错误信号在学习中扮演着如此重要的角色，以至于大脑所有区域实际上都能被显示出来传递错误信息（看彩色插图17）。让我们从一个简单的例子开始：想象一下听到相同的音符，AAAAA。每个音符都会在你大脑的听觉区域引起回应——但是，随着音符重复，那些回应逐渐减少。这叫“ 适应性”，看似简单的现象表明你的大脑学会了预测接下来的事件。突然，符号变成了AA A A A#. 你的初级听觉皮层立刻表现出强烈的惊讶反应：不仅适应性消失了，而且额外的神经元开始有力地放电，以回应这意想不到的声音。不仅仅是重复导致适应性：重要的是符号是否可预测。例如，如果你听到一组交替的音符，例如，ABABA，你的大脑习惯了这个交替后，听觉区域的活动会再次降低。不过，这一次，激发惊喜回应的是意料之外的重复，像ABA B B。
Semester4 甘肃饮食
当敦煌朝阳升起，甘肃人即开始享受各种各样的当地美食。
when the Dunhuang sunrise,the Gansu natives r going to enjoy the various of delicacy.
甘肃乃大西北，口味刁钻。
the Gansuvm is northwest,their tadtes r picksome.
西北人善于烹制牛肉和羊肉。又善于做各种手工面条。先以牛大骨熬制高汤，再煮一碗拉面，两者碰撞出人间大美。色香味俱全。但凡说拉面，以西北拉面为天下之最。西北人手工面条口感Q弹，细滑。汤色清亮，给拉面浓郁的香味，再撒葱花，香菜末。闻一闻，哈喇子就挂下来了。
the north west natives r good in cook beef and lamb.and good in D.I.Y noodles. boiling the beef stock in cow bones first,boiling a bowl of noodle then.both of them crash a excellent>
The fact that blind people can see things using parts of their bodies apart from their eyes may help us to understand our feelings about color．If they can sense color differences, then perhaps we, too, are affected by color without knowing it．
Salesmen have discovered by experience over a long period of time that sugar sells badly in green wrappings, that blue foods are considered not agreeable to the taste, and that cosmetics should never be packed in brown．These discoveries have grown into a whole subject of color psychology．
Some of our preferences are clearly psychological．Dark blue is the color of the night sky and therefore connected with calm, while yellow is a day color connected with energy and encouragement．
Experiments have shown that colors, partly because they are connected with psychology, also have a direct effect>
